|
BC |
Carthage & Rome: Treaties, Punic Wars, Hannibal |
Rome |
Other Events |
| 218-202 |
Second Punic War (218-201) |
|
Spain made Hispania a province, along with Africa with Sicily. |
| 212 |
|
212/211 Roman alliance with Greek federal state of Aetolia and Attalus I of Pergamum for joint cooperation against Philip V |
Perseus of Macedonia born |
| 205 |
|
|
Philip V of Macedon
defeated; End of First Macedonian War after ten years of battles. Peace
of Phoenice recognizes Philip’s claims to Illyrian interior and
gives him frontage on Adriatic seaboard but forces him to give up
claims on Greek cities on the coast; Roman influence in Greece deepens |
| 203 |
|
|
203/2 Secret pact between
Philip V and Antiochus III against Egypt. Seleucid king to attack and
partition overseas dominions of Ptolemy V of Egypt |
| 202 |
|
|
Aggressions of Philip and Antiochus. |
| 201 |
War Against Hannibal ends - Peace granted to Carthage at the cost of Spain. Masinissa made king of Greater Numidia |
|
Rome unites with Attalus
I of Pergamum and Rhodes against Philip V of Macedonia. Philip in
Aegean and Asia Minor, fighting against Attalus and Rhodes.
|
| 200 |
|
Insubres attack Placentia |
Beginning of the Second
Macedonian War (200-196 BC) when Philip V refuses a Roman ultimatum to
stop attacking Rhodes and Pergamum
The Romans sack Acanthus. |
| 199 |
Spain organised into two Roman provinces - Turdetani revolt |
- Leges Porciae, series
of laws granting Roman citizens the right of appeal in capital cases,
abolishing scourging of citizens and summary execution in the field,
are passed from this year to 184 |
Aetolians join Rome. |
| 198 |
|
|
Conference in Locris |
| 197 |
|
Praetorships raised to
six. Cethegus wins major victory over Insubres. 197-133 Roman wars in
Spain. Spain organized into two new provinces, Hispania Citerior and
Hispania Ulterior. Second Spanish War - Revolt of Turdenati in Spain.
Antiochus occupies Ephesus. |
Second Macedonian War
ends - defeat of Philip V of Macedonia by Roman general Titus Quinctius
Flamininus at the Battle of Cynoscephalae (Dog's Head). Flamininus
later offered cult by grateful cities. End of Second Macedonian War.
Achaeans join Rome. |
| 196 |
Hannibal becomes Suffete. State reform, new methods of election. |
- M' Acilius Glabrio suppresses a revolt in Etruria - Marcellus defeats Insubres for the last time |
Macedonia loses all dependencies but remains independent
- At Corinth, the Roman commander T. Quinctius Flamininus proclaims the
Greek cities free from Macedonia at the Isthmian Games. In reality Rome
assumes the protectorate of the Greek states. |
| 195 |
Hannibal exiled, joins Antiochus. Masinissa starts raids on Carthaginian territory. |
198 or 195 Consulate of
the elder Cato: prohibits scourging of citizens without appeal. Becomes
Governor of Hither Spain, winning a major battle at Emporion. |
Repeal of the Lexx Oppia |
| 194 |
|
|
Roman troops withdrawn from Greece.
Romans defeat Lusitani in Spain, but war continues. |
| 192 |
|
|
Aetolian League,
disatisfied with results of Second Macedonian War invites Antiochus III
of Syria to set Greece free from Roman despotism. Antiochus (III)
invades Greece to begin the The Syrian War (192-189). |
| 191 |
Rome rejects Carthaginian offer to pay off remainder of indemnity |
- Rome conquers Cisalpine Gaul: Scipio defeats the Boii in Cisalpine Gaul; several colonial settlements
- Lex Acilia de intercalando adjusts the calendar, which was four months ahead of the seasons |
-The Scipios in Greece. Cato the Elder gains glory in his campaign against Antiochus III
- M' Acilius Glabrio defeats Antiochus III at Battle of Thermopylae,
191 BC Antiochus (III) driven out of Greece. Antiochus' fleet defeated
off Corycus.
- M' Acilius Glabrio initiates operations against the Aetolians |
| 190 |
|
|
Antiochus' fleet led by Hannibal defeated.
- M' Acilius Glabrio celebrates his triumph over the Macedonians; runs
for censor, but he withdraws his candidacy under accusations of
embezzlement during his command in Greece |
| 189 |
|
Campanians enrolled as citizens. |
- Rome destroys the army
of Antiochus III at the Battle of Magnesia, Anatolia. Fall of Ambracia.
Peace with Aetolia: Aetolians become subject allies of Rome. Manlius
Vulso raids Galatia (Asia Minor). |
| 188 |
|
Full citizenship granted to Arpinum, Formiae and Fundi. |
Peace of Apamea means end of war with Antiochus, permanently cripples Seleucid empire, settlement of Asia |
| 187 |
|
Complaints of Latin
communities losing citizens settling in Rome and claiming Roman
citizenship; 12,000 Latin citizens in Rome stripped of citizenship and
sent home. Beginning of attacks on Scipios.Construction of Via Aemilia
and Via Flaminia |
Antiochus III dies. |
| 186 |
|
Philippus defeated by
Ligurians. Roman suppression of orgiastic rites of Bacchanalia, the
Dionysiac cult widespread amongst the Italic allies |
186-183 War between Prusias I and Eumenes II |
| 185 |
|
- Scipio the Younger born
- Terence born |
|
| 184 |
|
Cato the Elder, censor at
Rome; consul L. Porcius Licinus safeguards citizens from summary
execution on military service. Exile of Scipio Africanus. Q. Fulvius
Nobilior founds colonies at Potentia in Picenum and at Pisaurum in
Umbria |
|
| 183 |
Hannibal dies.. Hannibal poisoned himself to avoid surrendering to Rome while at Libyssa. |
Scipio dies |
|
| 181 |
Revolt in Sardinia and Corsica |
Law de ambitu (bribery) passed.
181-141 Five sumptuary laws passed to prevent conspicuous consumption
and display and to heal breaches in the governing aristocracy |
First Celtiberian War in Spain (181-179) Major rebellion by Celtiberian tribes. Flaccus, a consul was sent to Spain
|
| 180 |
|
Lex Villia Annalis attempts to curb excessive ambition by formalizing the cursus
honorum |
|
| 179 |
Overwhelmed by grief and
remorse over the death of his son Demetrius, Philip V died and was
succeeded by Perseus, who ordered the man Philip had come to prefer,
Antigonus, put to death.
Basilica Aemilia built |
after 180 No more Latin
colonies founded; Latins have fewer opportunities to gain land.Two
feuding censors elected in 179 BC were urged to end their quarrel by
Caecilius Metellus, who quoted the proverb that "our friendships should
be immortal, but our enmities should be mortal." |
Celtiberians defeated by Gracchus.
Perseus succeeds Philip V in Macedonia.
|
| 177 |
|
Complaints of Latin
communities losing citizens to Rome; some Latin citizens in Rome
stripped of citizenship and sent home; allied portion of moveable
war-booty reduced to half of the citizens’ allowance |
Sardinian Revolt 177-176 Roman forces led by consul Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus killed or captured 80,000 in Sardinia . |
| 175 |
After visiting Carthage, Cato begins to end all his speeches with the phrase "Carthage must be destroyed" |
|
|
| 173 |
Rome arbitrates between Carthage and Masinissa |
Distribution of confiscated land in Italy is discontinued |
Two Epicurean (Greek) philosophers expelled |
| 172 |
|
Two plebeian consuls in office for first time |
Third Macedonian War begins (or next year). |
| 171 |
|
Provincial complaints of
misgovernment and exploitation lead to establishment of a temporary
court de repetundis (extortion) for the assessment of damages. Both
consuls plebian for the first time. |
Third Macedonian War (171-168 BC) begun against Perseus, son of Philip V |
| 169 |
|
- Lex Voconia limits land that can be inherited by female heirs |
Antiochus IV invades Egypt and withdraws. |
| 168 |
|
In the Near East
Antiochus Epiphanes ruled over Israel and tried to outlaw Judaism. The
Jews resisted and began the Maccabean revolt. The Maccabees were
successful until internal dissension tore them apart. |
Paulus (son of the one
who fell at Cannae), defeats King Perseus of Macedon at the Battle of
Pydna ending the Third Macedonian War - Rome cripples Rhodes by making
Delos a free port; increase of piracy
Antiochus invades Egypt again and received Roman ultimatum to leave. |
| 167 |
|
Tributum discontinued
Antiochus IV, the Hellenistic tyrant of the what later became called
the Middle East, began to increase religious persecution against the
Jews in Palestine and outlawed observance of the Torah. This included
the circumcision of males, dietary restrictions and observance of the
Sabbath. He installed a cult of Zeus in the Temple in Jerusalem. |
Epirus plundered. Macedon
divided into four parts, Illyricum into four. 1,000 Greek hostages
(including Polybius from Megalopolis in the Peloponnese) are brought to
Rome where they are kept until 150.-
- Rome presented to Athens the island of Delos, whose prosperous slave and commodities market brought large profits. |
| 166 |
|
|
King Perseus, the last monarch of Macedonia, is executed by the Romans by being forced to go without sleep for an entire year |
| 165 |
|
Romans captured King Gent of Illyria and sent him to Rome. Illyria went under Roman control. |
Jerusalem and sacred
temple of Judah were recaptured by the Maccabees. They used guerrilla
tactics and elephants as tanks to throw off the tyranny of the
Greco-Syrian oppressors. During the cleanup they found one container of
the sacred oil used to light the temple's candelabra known as a
menorah. They gathered to light the oil which was expected to last only
a day, but lasted eight nights. The event was memorialized in the
celebration of Hanukkah (rededication), the Feast of Lights. |
| 163 |
Corsica completely recovered by Rome |
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus born |
|
| 162 |
|
Polybius helps Demetrius to escape from Rome to Syria. |
|
| 161 |
|
|
Greek philosophers are expelled from Rome again. - Lex Fannia (sumptuary law) |
| 159 |
|
Second attested law against bribery (de ambitu) |
- censors are P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum & M. Popillius Laenas |
| 157 |
|
|
- C. Marius born Campaigns in Dalmatia and Pannonia |
| 154 |
|
Victory of Liburians. |
Lusitanian War, 154-138 BC Revolt oft he Lusitanians under Punicus, defeated by Mummius. |
| 153 |
|
Beginning of Roman
official year changes: in order to facilitate the arrival of the consul
at the Spanish seat of war in good time for campaigning season,
consul’s entry into office advanced from March 15 to January 1
C. Sempronius Gracchus born |
Second Celtiberian War 153-151 Cos. Q. Fulvius Nobilior was sent against them but ambushed.
Law is passed which forbids iteration of the consulship in another attempt to curb ambitious politicians but fails |
| 152 |
|
|
Claudius Marcellus sent to replace Nobilior in Spain; Galba replaced Atilius. Peace negotiations failed in Rome. |
| 151 |
Carthaginians complained
to the Roman senate that Masinissa's Numidians had taken over by force
more than seventy towns in their territory. Carthage declares war on
Masinissa and loses. |
Polybius accompanies Scipio to Spain and Africa |
Scipio Aemilianus goes to
Spain under L. Lucullus. While en route, Marcellus made a quick peace
with Numantia. Lucullus and Praetor Ser. Sulpicius Galba invaded
Lusitania, and the Lusitanians surrendered.
Galba offered to give the Lusitanians a new home; Lusitanians disarmed,
split up to be led to settlements but then he massacred them. A few
escaped, among them Viriathus. |
| 150 |
Roman decision to declare war on Carthage. |
c150BC The traveler Pausanius wrote a description of Greece which we have and it is, so to speak, the first guide book known. |
Achaean exiles/hostages returned to Greece - Polybius is no longer a political hostage of Rome |
| 149 |
The Third Punic War begins (149-146BC) ; Romans invade Africa. Carthage besieged - Masinissa dies |
Lex Calpurnia: the
tribune L. Calpurnius Piso proposed establishing a permanent court of
senators for cases of extortion (quaestio de rebus repetundis), and its
judgments could not be appealed to the people or the tribunes.
Publication of Cato's Origines. Lucullus, on return to Rome from Spain,
prosecuted by Cato. |
The Fourth Macedonian War (149-148 BC). when Andriscus, pretender to the Macedonian throne causes unrest in Macedonia |
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